Nuclear Power in Armenia
(Updated January 2010)
- Armenia has relied heavily on nuclear power since 1976.
- It has one reactor in operation and the government has approved a joint venture to build another.
Although Armenia has only one operating nuclear reactor, this unit supplied 39.4% of the total electricity produced in 2008 – 2.27 billion kWh net. Of the 5.9 billion kWh gross generation in 2007, nuclear supplied 43%, hydro 31% and gas 25%. Electricity consumption per capita is about 1700 kWh/yr. Natural gas, which is imported from Russia, is its main source of primary energy.
The country is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States and has a population of 3.25 million.
Operating and planned nuclear power reactors in Armenia
| Reactor |
Type |
Net capacity |
Status |
First power |
| Armenia 2 |
VVER-440 |
376 MWe |
Operating |
1980 |
| Armenia 3 |
VVER-1000 |
1060 MWe |
Planned |
Expected 2017 |
| Total operating (1) |
|
376 MWe |
|
|
Nuclear power
One Russian VVER-440 nuclear power plant operates at Metsamora, 30 km from the capital Yerevan.
Two model V-230 reactors, each of 407.5 MWe gross (376 MWe net), were built at Metsamor on solid basalt and supplied power from 1976 and 1980 respectively. Design life was 30 years. These were the first Russian plants designed to be built in a region of high seismicity and were modified accordingly to be designated V-270. Plans for units 3 & 4 at the site were abandoned after the 1986 Chernobyl accident.
In December 1988, a powerful earthquake, resulting in the deaths of at least 25,000 people, occurred in northwestern Armenia. The Metsamor nuclear power plant 75 km from the epicentre continued operating normally with no damage, but both units were subsequently shut down in 1989 due to safety concerns regarding seismic vulnerability.
Unit 1, after 13 years operation, is now being decommissioned. In 1993, it was decided to restart the second unit due to the severe economic crisis and this was achieved in 1995, after 6.5 years shutdown. Since then the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been participating in safety improvements at the plant, which is now scheduled to close in 2016.b
All fuel is supplied by Russia, but this has incurred significant foreign debt. As a result, the plant has been operated by a subsidiary of RAO UES and Rosenergoatom since 2003, as part of a five-year arrangement to help pay off those debts. This agreement, now with Inter-RAO, was extended by five years in 2008.
The present Metsamor plant is a concern to the European Union (EU) and to neighbouring Turkey, 16 km away. There have been various calls to shut it down before 2016, but Armenia is very dependent on it and has said that it will remain open until a replacement is commissioned. According to an agreement with the EU,c Armenia will close the plant before the end of its design lifetime, provided that alternative replacement capacity is available.
New nuclear plant
In 2007, Armenia adopted a new energy strategy focusing on security of supply through diversification and the use of nuclear energy as well as renewable energy sources. Later in 2007, the energy minister announced a feasibility study for a new unit at Metsamor. The investigation was carried out with assistance from Russia, the USA and the IAEA. In February 2009, the government announced a tender for a new 1000 MWe unit, which it expected to cost about $5 billion. In May 2009, Australian company Worley Parsons was chosen to administer the project, and a $460 million management contract was signed in June. Legislation providing for construction of up to 1200 MWe of new nuclear capacity at Metsamor from one or more reactor was passed in June 2009.
In December 2009, the Armenian government announced that a 50-50 Russian-Armenian joint stock company was to be set up by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources with Atomstroyexport to build a 1060 MWe Russian VVER unit at Metsamor1. Construction is due to begin in 2011-12, with commissioning by 2017, and a 60-year service life.
Fuel cycle
The government has signed an agreement to become a partner in the international uranium enrichment centre at Angarsk in Siberia, under Russian leadership and IAEA supervision, from 2013.2 Kazakhstan is also a partner in it.
Russia's Atomredmetzoloto (ARMZ) is participating in a 50-50 joint venture Armenian-Russian Mining Company to explore for uranium in Armenia3. This is at least expected to provide for the country's domestic needs, and export of surplus is a hope. Some resource figures are expected to be announced in 2010.
Regulation
In 1993, the Armenian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (ANRA) was established as regulator. Also in 1993, the government established a new body under the Ministry of Energy to operate the plant, and in 1996 this was taken over by Armenian NPP (ANPP) joint stock company. At the same time, the Department of Atomic Energy was established within the Ministry of Energy.
Armenia has been a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency since 1993, and of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) since 1996.
Non proliferation
Armenia has been a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty since 1993, and in 1997 signed the Additional Protocol on its safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency. It has been party to the Vienna Convention on civil liability for nuclear damage since 1993.
Further Information
Notes
a. The Metsamor – or Metzamor – Nuclear Power Plant (MNPP) is often referred to as the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant (ANPP) [Back]
b. The reactor commenced operation in 1980 and has a design lifetime of 30 years. Taking into account the period between 1989 and 1995 when the unit was offline, this would imply that it would reach the end of its design lifetime by 2016. [Back]
c. A Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between Armenia and the European Union (EU) entered into force in 1999 and the EU-Armenia European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) Action Plan was adopted in November 2006 for a period of five years. [Back]
References
1. Armenia and Russia to set up joint venture to deal with construction of new unit for Metsamor nuclear power plant, ARKA News Agency, (3 December 2009) [Back]
2. Armenia signs up to enrichment centre, World Nuclear News (8 February 2008) [Back]
3. Russia signs up with Armenia, Namibia next, World Nuclear News (22 April 2008) [Back]
General sources
International Atomic Energy Agency, Country Nuclear Power Profiles: Armenia
參考來源:World Nuclear Association
